As the global landscape shifts, the rise of middle powers is becoming increasingly significant in shaping a multipolar world. Dani Rodrik, a Professor at Harvard Kennedy School, argues that the emergence of countries like India, Indonesia, Brazil, South Africa, Turkey, and Nigeria is challenging the long-standing hegemony of the United States, which has enjoyed economic primacy since the collapse of the Soviet Union. These middle powers collectively boast a GDP that exceeds that of the United States and are projected to grow by 50% by 2029 [4a6b2a66].
The dynamics of international relations are changing, with many middle powers rejecting alignment with either the US or China. Instead, they are increasingly driven closer to China due to US policies that many perceive as exclusionary. Leaders from these nations are determined not to become pawns in a new cold war, emphasizing their desire for autonomy in global affairs [4a6b2a66].
In this context, Brazil's proposal for a global wealth tax during its G20 presidency reflects the growing assertiveness of middle powers in addressing global economic inequalities [4a6b2a66]. The expansion of BRICS to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE further illustrates the shifting alliances and the increasing importance of these nations in global governance [4a6b2a66].
Rodrik highlights the limitations of current major economies in providing necessary global public goods, suggesting that a supervening power is needed to stabilize the global economy. Middle powers, with their unique positions and capabilities, can demonstrate the feasibility of a multipolar approach, potentially leading to a more balanced and equitable global order [4a6b2a66].
In summary, as China rises and the US faces challenges to its dominance, middle powers are poised to play a crucial role in redefining global economic and political structures, advocating for a multipolar world that reflects a broader range of interests and perspectives.