France has maintained military bases in several African countries to safeguard its interests, train soldiers, combat terrorism, and maintain influence in the region [b082290a]. However, since the 1960s, France has withdrawn from over 70% of African countries, reflecting a significant shift in its military presence and influence. Notably, Chad announced the full withdrawal of 1,000 French troops, while Mali terminated its defense deal in May 2022, completing the exit of 2,400 troops by December 2023. Burkina Faso ordered 400 troops to leave by February 2023, and Niger withdrew 1,500 soldiers following the July 26, 2023 coup [ebf92e80].
The French military presence in Africa, rooted in its colonial history, has been increasingly challenged. The recent military coups in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, where junta leaders expelled French soldiers, are seen as a reflection of growing skepticism towards France's strategic presence. Critics argue that France's military involvement has not always improved security and has sometimes supported repressive regimes. The increasing role of private military contractors, such as the Russian Wagner Group, further complicates the security landscape in the region [b082290a].
Africa's anger towards France is deeply rooted in its colonial past, characterized by brutal military campaigns and exploitation of resources. French colonialism in Niger and other African countries involved atrocities, including murder, rape, and the use of slave labor. The Thiaroye massacre, Rwandan genocide, and nuclear experiments in Algeria exemplify France's historical crimes [a45f536d]. The Francafrique system ensured France's political, economic, and military control over its former colonies, allowing it to manipulate economies and maintain dominance through military interventions.
As countries like Senegal anticipate the closure of French military bases by the end of 2025 and Ivory Coast expects troop withdrawal by January 2025, the political processes in Niger and other nations reflect the accumulated wounds of colonialism. There is hope that these countries can move towards real liberation, especially with the rise of competitors like China and Russia in Africa [ebf92e80].
