Remittances, the money sent by foreign workers to their home countries, play a significant role in economic recovery and stability across South Asia. In Sri Lanka, migrant workers have contributed over $7.6 billion in remittances since May 2022, helping the country recover from its economic crisis. Despite criticism, these remittances have been sent through official channels, benefiting the economy. The government has also collected a substantial amount of personal income tax, with a significant portion coming from advance taxes on wage earners. Efforts to restructure debt and enhance tax enforcement are underway. Additionally, a symposium on research and development has highlighted the importance of research in the country. It is worth noting that Sri Lanka also has a high ratio of soldiers to civilians, indicating the country's focus on security.
In Nepal, remittances cover around 25% of the country's GDP and play a crucial role in stabilizing the payment balance. However, there are concerns about the sustainability of remittances at both the micro and macro levels. Nepali workers often take low-skill, dangerous jobs in resource-reliant economies, making their earnings vulnerable to economic shocks. Moreover, reliance on remittances hinders long-term domestic growth and the accumulation of physical assets. The government's dependence on remittances has reduced the political will for policy reforms, hindering long-term growth and development. While remittances can achieve short-term macroeconomic goals, they are not a sustainable source of income and foreign exchange. Policymakers in Nepal must decide between short-term benefits from remittances or creating opportunities for the labor force to contribute to long-term sustainable economic development.
In Pakistan, a recent report by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) underscores the critical importance of remittances, which constitute 10% of the country's GDP. During the COVID-19 pandemic, remittances surged by 19.8%, reaching a record high of $31.1 billion. In July 2024 alone, remittances recorded an inflow of $3 billion, marking a 47.6% year-on-year increase, primarily from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, the UK, and the USA. The ADB report emphasizes the role of remittances in reducing poverty and boosting foreign exchange reserves, recommending incentives for overseas Pakistanis to enhance remittance flows. However, it also notes challenges in balancing external payments [935b3cc8].
The common theme in these South Asian countries is the impact of remittances on economic development. While remittances provide a lifeline for countries facing economic challenges, they also come with their own set of concerns and limitations. It is crucial for governments to strike a balance between short-term benefits and long-term sustainable growth.
According to a report by the World Bank, remittances to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) moderated in 2023, reaching an estimated $656 billion. Remittances surpassed foreign direct investment (FDI) and official development assistance (ODA). Remittance flows increased most to Latin America and the Caribbean (7.7%), followed by South Asia (5.2%), and East Asia and Pacific (4.8%, excluding China). Sub-Saharan Africa saw a slight decline of 0.3%, while the Middle East and North Africa experienced a nearly 15% drop, and Europe and Central Asia saw a 10.3% fall [ed1c39d5].
Remittances from the African diaspora have also been affected by global conflict and crises. According to the World Bank, remittances to sub-Saharan Africa declined by 12.5% in 2020. This decline is attributed to factors such as job losses, economic downturn, and travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease in remittances has had a significant impact on the economies of African countries, as remittances are a major source of income and contribute to poverty reduction. This decline highlights the need for African governments to diversify their economies and reduce reliance on remittances [3a748944].
While the article by Gregory Elich presents a critical perspective on the role of remittances in economic development, it is important to consider both sides of the argument. Remittances can provide immediate relief and support for struggling economies, as seen in Sri Lanka and Pakistan. However, it is also essential to address the concerns raised by Elich regarding the long-term sustainability and impact of remittances on domestic growth and development. Governments must carefully evaluate the trade-offs and develop comprehensive strategies that promote both short-term stability and long-term sustainable economic development.